Your dog goes to doggie daycare a couple times a week and has a grand time. He plays well with dogs big and small, and the staff love him. Every couple weeks your friends come over to your place with their dogs and your dog has a blast playing with his buddies. Attach your social dog to a leash, however, and he becomes a lunatic. 

Every time you take your dog on a walk, he lunges and barks at other dogs, trying so hard to get to them he practically pulls you off your feet. The fur on his shoulders goes up, he growls, and he acts like he wants to run over and kill the other dog. What is this, a case of Jekyll and Hyde? 

When a dog is aggressive primarily when on leash, this is called “leash reactivity.” People are often confused when their usually friendly dog, a saint around other dogs when off leash, becomes a completely different beast when tethered. It’s not uncommon, however. 

Some dogs get this way because they don’t deal with frustration very well. This is especially true of adolescent dogs. If your dog gets to play with other dogs a lot throughout the week, but then you won’t allow him to go see another dog when he’s on leash, it can be confusing. He wants to say hello to the other dog but you won’t let him, and he may not have good enough coping skills to deal with the frustration very well. This does not mean you should let him run up to every dog you meet! This won’t help the problem. Instead, you’ll be rewarding his bad behaviour by giving him the paycheck of going to greet the other dog. 

Sometimes, the problem can be created by the type of equipment you use to walk your dog. For example, if you use a prong collar to control your leash puller, the collar constricts sharply around your dog’s neck when he pulls—if he pulls to greet another dog, he gets corrected by the collar. Dogs start to associate other dogs with the correction. In essence, you may have accidentally taught your dog to not like the sight of other dogs. To avoid this backlash, try using a front-clip harness to walk your dog. [We like the Halti Harness, which steers your dog from his chest.—Ed]

Keeping Your Dog Cool and Focused

There are three main areas to work on when helping your Hyde control his aggressive impulses during walks—your relationship, his obedience, and finally, the aggression itself. You need to build a solid foundation in all three areas or you won’t make significant progress. Think of this approach as a three-legged stool. All three legs need to be the same size or you’ll just wobble.

You probably think you already have a great relationship with your dog. He loves you, you love him, right? But does he look to you for help? When he’s barking and lunging on leash, he’s not looking to you at all. He probably acts like he can’t even hear you. If you want to make him better, you need to beef up your relationship so he starts looking to you for answers, rather than just acting on his own. One way to do this is hand feed him all his meals. This teaches him that you are the direct source for all his food. This is classical conditioning: building associations. Hand goes towards dog and dog receives delicious food, therefore dog loves your hand coming near him. You give him food and he loves food, therefore you are awesome. 

1. Obedience is critical

If your dog doesn’t listen to you in your living room, there’s no way he will listen to you in the heat of an aggressive moment. Use reward-based training to beef up his skills. One particularly useful one for a leash reactive dog is to teach him to look at you. Preferably, teach him to give you eye contact when you call his name. For this to work, however, you can’t use his name in other contexts. If you’re the type of pet parent who uses a dog’s name throughout the day, then use another cue, such as “Look” or “Watch Me.”

2. Keep Treats Handy

[We like Doog's awesome treat bag that keeps reward treats handy! DoogUSA.com—Ed.] Call your dog’s name (or say “Look” or “Watch Me”) one time. As soon as he looks at you, say “Yes” to mark that he did something right, hold the treat up to your eyes to sustain his eye contact, then give him the treat. Repeat. Practice indoors, where there is less competition for your attention. Gradually work so your dog will look at you with increasing distractions indoors, then outdoors. 

3. His aggression is the final area to address

For this, you’ll use counter conditioning—changing his opinion of other dogs while he’s on leash. Take really good treats with you on your walk. When you see someone with another dog, stop. Stand close to your dog (shorten his leash if necessary) but don’t ask him to sit down or anything. You don’t want to add pressure to him, you are just going to work to change his opinion. As soon as your dog sees the other dog, say “Yes” (the marker that he did something right) and immediately give him a treat. Repeat until the other dog disappears. What you are doing is teaching your dog that the sight of other dogs means delicious treats. 

If your dog barks and lunges, you are too close to the other dog. Back up until he can calm down and focus on your training. This process can take just several sessions or quite some time to succeed, but be patient and diligent, and get professional help from a reward-based trainer if you need it. 

Finally, please do not allow your dog to just go up and greet other dogs on leash if he is telling you that it’s not a good idea. If your reactive dog is lunging, has a stiff body posture, high flagging tail, fur raised on his shoulders, or is barking or whining, these are not really signs he wants to make friends. He’s actually telling you he is very stressed, and in turn, his behaviour could be stressing out the other dog as well. Your neighbours may not appreciate you allowing your dog to get in their dog’s space, so this will just add human tension to the interaction. 

Leash reactivity is a frustrating and sometimes embarrassing problem. If your dog is really sweet off-leash, however, there is a good chance you can help him. Your furry monster can learn how to be a gentleman, both off leash and on.

Looking for more on dog behaviour? Learn how to solve your dog's most common behavioural problems!